省人医耳科疾病与听力损失基层防治项目走进社区

"Sudanese Republic" redirects here. For other uses, see Sudan (disambiguation).

Kutimbanizga chala na mazina ghanyake ngati ni Sudan (region) or the Sudans.

百度 退休后3~6个月，通常是老年人感觉最轻松、幸福的时间段，但6个月后，不少老年人会产生失落、孤独等情绪。

Charu cha Sudan ??????? ????? (Arabic) Jumhūriyyat Sūdān
Mbendela Chidindo cha boma
Chiluso: ????? ??? an-Na?r lanā "Victory is ours"
Nyimbo: ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? Na?nu jund Allah, jund al-wa?an "We are the soldiers of God, the soldiers of the Nation"
Sudan displayed in dark green color, claimed territories in light green Sudan displayed in dark green color, claimed territories in light green Sudan displayed in dark green color, claimed territories in light green
Msumba Waboma		Khartoum
Msumba usani		Omdurman
Chiyowoyelo chaboma		Arabic English
Mitundu ya ?anthu		79% Sudanese Arab 5.5% Beja 2.5% Nuba 2% Fur 2% Egyptian 1% Hausa 0.5% Fulani 17.3% other
Vipembezo		90.7% Islam 5.5% Christianity 3.5% Traditional Faiths 1.0% Others
Mwenecharu		Sudanese
Mtundu wa Boma		Federal republic under a military junta
-	Transitional Sovereignty Council	Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (Chairman) Malik Agar (Deputy chairman) Others Shams al-Din Khabbashi Yasser al-Atta Ibrahim Jabir Karim El Hadi Idris Yahya El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar Raja Nicola Abdulgasim Bortom Yousef Jad Karim Abdelbagi al-Zubeir Salma Abdeljabbar
-	Prime Minister	Osman Hussein (acting)
Formation
-	Kingdom of Kerma	2500 BC
-	Kingdom of Kush	1070 BC
-	Mahdist State	1885
-	Anglo-Egyptian Condominium	1899
-	Independence from the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt	1 January 1956
-	Secession of South Sudan	9 July 2011
-	2019 coup d'état	11 April 2019
-	2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration effective	20 August 2019
-	2021 coup d'état	25 October 2021
Ukulu wa Malo
-	Malo	1,886,068 km2 (15th) 728,215 sq mi
Chi?elengelo cha ?anthu
-	2023 estimate	49,197,555 (30th)
-	Density	21.3/km2 (202nd) 55.3/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2022 estimate
-	Total	$207.7 billion (71st)
-	Per capita	$4,450 (151st)
GDP (nominal)		2022 estimate
-	Total	$42.7 billion (96th)
-	Per capita	$916 (171st)
Gini (2014)		34.2 medium
HDI (2021)		0.508 low ·172nd
Ndalama		Sudanese pound (SDG)
Mtundu Wanyengo		CAT (UTC+2)
Kalembelo kasiku		dd/mm/yyyy
Woko la galimoto		right
ISO 3166 code		SD
Intaneti yacharu		.sd ?????.

Sudan (Chingelezi: /su??dɑ?n/ panji /su??d?n/; Arabic: ?????, romanized: Sūdān), mwalamulo Republic of Sudan (Arabic: ??????? ?????, romanized: Jumhūriyyat Sūdān), ni chalo icho chili ku North East Africa. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Central African Republic, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Chad, kumpoto kwa Egypt, kumpoto kwa Eritrea, kumwera kwa Ethiopia, kumwera kwa Libya, kumwera kwa South Sudan, na ku Nyanja Yiswesi. Mu 2022, ?anthu ?akukwana 45.7 miliyoni Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), ndipo ntchiga?a chachitatu mu Africa. Charu ichi chika?a chikuru chomene pa vyaru vya mu Africa na vyaru vya Arab League m'paka apo South Sudan yikapatukira mu 2011. Msumba wake ukuru ni Khartoum, ndipo msumba wake ukuru ni Omdurman.

Mbiri yikulongora kuti Ufumu wa Kerma (c. 2500-1500 B.C.E.), Ufumu Waphya wa Eguputo (c. 1500 BC~1070 BC), na Ufumu wa Kush (c. 785 BC~350 AD). Pamanyuma pakuti Kush wabwangandulika, ?anthu ?a ku Nubia ?akamba kulamulira mu maufumu ghatatu gha ?akhristu gha Nobatia, Makuria, na Alodia. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, ?anthu ?a ku Arabia ?akamba kukhala mu viga?a vinandi vya mu Sudan. Kwambira mu ma 1500 m'paka m'ma 1800, chiga?a chapakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan chika?a pasi pa muwuso wa Funj, apo Darfur waka?a kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo Ottomans kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu 1811, Mamluks ?akakhazikiska boma ku Dunqulah, ilo lika?a likuru la malonda gha ?azga. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ?aeguputo na ?aturuki mu charu cha Sudan, mu 1820, ?anthu ?akaguliskanga ?azga mu viga?a vya kumpoto na kumwera. Kwambira mu ma 1800, caru cose ca Sudan cikathereskeka na ?aegupto awo ?akalongozgekanga na ufumu wa Muhammad Ali. Nkhondo iyi yikati yacitika, ?asilikari ?a ku Eguputo na Britain ?akathereska ?asilikari ?a ku Eguputo. Mu 1899, ku Britain, Eguputo wakazomera kuga?ana mazaza pa Sudan na Britain. Nakuti charu cha Sudan chika?a pasi pa Britain.Nkhondo ya ku Eguputo ya mu 1952 yikawuskapo muwuso wa ufumu ndipo yikati ?asilikari ?a Britain ?afumemo mu Eguputo na Sudan. Muhammad Naguib, yumoza wa ?alongozgi ?aci?iri ?a cigaluka ici, ndiposo pulezidenti wakwamba wa Egupto, uyo waka?a wa ku Sudan ndipo wakakulira mu Sudan, waka?ika pakwamba kuti boma la Sudan li?e na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Chaka chakulondezgapo, ku Eguputo na ku Sudan, United Kingdom yikakolerana na ivyo Eguputo wakakhumbanga. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1956, charu cha Sudan chikamba kujiyimira pa?ekha.

Boma la Jaafar Nimeiry likamba kulamulira charu cha Sudan. Ici cikapangiska kuti pa?e kuga?ikana pakati pa boma la kumpoto kwa caru ici, na ?avisopa vya Cisilamu na ?akhristu ?a kumwera. Nkhondo iyi yikamba pakati pa ?asilikari ?a boma, awo ?akakolerananga na gulu la National Islamic Front (NIF), na ?akugaluka ?a ku South Sudan, awo gulu lawo likuru chomene ni Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). Pakati pa 1989 na 2019, muwuso wa ?asilikari wa vyaka 30 uwo ukalongozgekanga na Omar al-Bashir ndiwo ukalamuliranga Sudan ndipo ukachitanga viheni vinandi pa wanangwa wa ?anthu, kusazgapo kutambuzga, kutambuzga ?anthu ?achoko waka, kutemwera vige?enga pa caru cose, na kukoma ?anthu ?anandi mu Darfur kwambira mu 2003 mpaka 2020. ?anthu ?anyake ?akuti boma ili likakoma ?anthu pakati pa 300,000 na 400,000. Chiwonetsero chinabuka mu 2018, chofuna kuti Bashir achoke, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti boma liwonongeke pa 11 April 2019 ndipo Bashir anamangidwa.

Chisilamu chika?a chisopa cha boma la Sudan ndipo malango gha Chisilamu ghaka?ako kwambira mu 1983 m'paka mu 2020 apo charu chikazgoka charu cha charu. Sudan ni yimoza mwa vyaru vyakutukuka yayi ndipo yili pa malo 172 pa Human Development Index mu 2022. Chuma chake chimadalira kwambiri ulimi chifukwa cha ziletso zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kudzipatula, komanso mbiri yakusakhazikika kwamkati ndi ziwawa zamagulu. Charu chose cha Sudan ntchakomira ndipo ?anthu ?akujumpha 35 peresenti mbakavu. Charu cha Sudan chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Arab League, African Union, COMESA, Movement of Non-Aligned and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.

Kwiza kwa zina

Zina lakuti Sudan ni zina ilo likapelekeka ku chiga?a chikuru cha Sahel, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Sudan. Pakwamba, zina lakuti Sudan likang'anamuranga chiga?a icho chika?a kufupi na nyanja ya Atlantic kufuma ku Senegal m'paka kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.

Zina ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti bilād as-sūdān (???? ???????), panji "Charu cha ?achibulumutira". Ili ni zina linyake la malo agho ?anthu ?akukhala. Pambere ivi vindachitike, ?aeguputo ?akale ?akachemanga charu cha Sudan kuti Nubia na Ta Nehesi panji Ta Seti.

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Sudan

Charu cha Sudan (pambere c. 8000 B.C.E.)

Tempile likuru la mathabwa, lakucemeka Deffufa wa ku Western, mu msumba wakale wa Kerma

Linga la Buhen, la mu Ufumu wapakati, likazengekaso mu Ufumu uphya (pafupifupi 1200 BC)

Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ?anthu ?a mu nyengo ya Neolithic ?akakhalanga mu vikaya vyakukhora vya mathipa, ndipo ?akalondezganga vyakurya na vi?eto. Neolithic peoples created cemeteries such as R12. During the fifth millennium BC, migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture.

The population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed a social hierarchy over the next centuries which became the Kingdom of Kush (with the capital at Kerma) at 1700 BC. Anthropological and archaeological research indicates that during the predynastic period Nubia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were ethnically and culturally nearly identical, and thus, simultaneously evolved systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 BC.

Ufumu wa Kush (c. 1070 BC~350 AD)

Nkhani ikulu: Ufumu wa Kush and Ufumu wa ?aeguputo wa 25

Nubian pyramids ku Mero?

Msilikari wa ku Ku?iya wa ?asilikari ?a Achaemenid, c. 480 B.C.E. Ivyo vili pa dindi la Xerxes I.

Ufumu wa Kush uka?a ufumu wakale wa ku Nubia uwo uka?a pa malo agho mukakumananga Mlonga wa Blue Nile na White Nile, kweniso Mlonga wa Atbarah na Nile. Likakhazikiskika mu nyengo ya Bronze apo ufumu uphya wa Eguputo ukamara.

Fumu Kashta ("Mkhushite") yikati yaluta ku Eguputo mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 B.C.E., mathemba gha Kushite ghakawusa nga ni mafaro gha muwuso wa ?aeguputo wa vyaka pafupifupi 100 pambere ?aasiriya ?anda?athereske. Pa nyengo iyo ?akushi ?aka?a ?ankhongono comene, ?akathereska ufumu uwo ukafumanga ku caru ico sono cikucemeka South Kordofan m'paka ku Sinayi. Farawo Piye wakayezga kusazgirako ufumu wake mu vyaru vya ku Near East, kweni themba la ku Asiriya, Sarigoni II, likamutondeska.

Pakati pa 800 B.C.E. na 100 C.E. ?akazenga mapiramidi gha Nubian, pakati pawo pali El-Kurru, Kashta, Piye, Tantamani, Shabaka, mapiramidi gha Gebel Barkal, mapiramidi gha Meroe (Begarawiyah), mapiramidi gha Sedeinga, na mapiramidi gha Nuri.

Baibolo likuyowoya za ufumu wa Kush kuti ndiwo ukaponoska ?aisrayeli ku ukali wa ?aasiriya. Nkhondo iyo yikacitika pakati pa Farawo Taharqa na Senakeribu themba la Asiriya yika?a yakuzirwa comene mu mbiri ya caru ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Esarihadoni, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Senakeribu, wakaluta patali comene ndipo wakawukira Egupto kuti wawuske caru ca Levant. Wakacita nthena cifukwa wakacimbizga Taharqa mu caru ca Lower Egypt. Taharqa wakachimbilira ku Upper Egypt na Nubia, uko wakafwira pakati pajumpha vyaka vi?iri. ?aegupto ?akamba kulamulirika na ?aasiriya, kweni ?akaleka kupulikira. Kufuma apo, themba Tantamani, ilo likakanjira mu malo gha Taharqa, likayezgapo kaumaliro kupoka caru ca Lower Egypt kwa Neko I, uyo waka?a kuti wawelerapo ku ufumu wake. Wakathereska msumba wa Memfisi na kukoma Neko. Ashurbanipal, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Esarhaddon, wakatuma ?asilikari ?anandi ku Egupto kuti ?akambeso kuwusa. Wakathereska Tantamani kufupi na Memfisi ndipo wakati wamulondezga, wakapoka msumba wa Thebes. Nangauli ?aasiriya ?akafumako mwalu?iro ku Upper Egypt pamanyuma pa vinthu ivi, kweni Thebes wakajipeleka kwa Psamtik I, mwana wa Neko. Ici cikapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Nubia uleke kuwuskika, ndipo ukalutilira ku?a ufumu ucoko uwo uka?a ku Napata. Msumba uwu ukaparanyika na ?aeguputo ca. 590 B.C.E., ndipo nyengo yichoko waka pamanyuma paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 300 B.C.E., ?akushi ?akasamukira ku Mero?.

Medieval Christian Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500)

Nkhani ikulu: Nobatia, Makuria, Alodia, and Daju kingdom

Maufumu ghatatu gha Cikhristu gha ku Nubia. Mphaka ya kumpoto ya Alodia yikumanyikwa makora yayi, kweni yikwenera kuti yika?a kumpoto, pakati pa chigodobu chachinayi na chachisanu cha Nile.

Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E., ?ablemmyes ?akakhazikiska ufumu uwo ukakhala nyengo yichoko waka mu Upper Egypt na Lower Nubia, ndipo panyake uka?a kuzingilizga Talmis (Kalabsha). Kweni pambere chaka cha 450 C.E. chindafike, ?anobatiya ?aka?achimbizga kale mu Dambo la Nayelo. Paumaliro ?anthu a?a ?akamba kuwusa mu ufumu wawo wa Nobatia. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E., paka?a maufumu ghatatu gha ku Nubia: Nobatia kumpoto, ilo lika?a na msumba ukuru ku Pachoras (Faras); ufumu wapakati, Makuria uwo uka?a ku Tungul (Old Dongola), makilomita 13 kumwera kwa Dongola; na Alodia, uwo uka?a mu ufumu wakale wa Kushitic, uwo uka?a na msumba ukuru ku Soba (uno ni tawuni ya Khartoum). ?akazgoka ?akhristu mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 600 C.E., panyake pakati pa 628 na 642, Nobatia wakazgoka chiga?a cha Makuria.

Pakati pa 639 na 641, ?aarabu ?a mu ufumu wa Rashidun ?akathereska charu cha Byzantium. Mu 641 panji 642 kweniso mu 652 ?akanjira mu Nubia, kweni ?aka?achimbizga. Pamanyuma, fumu ya Makuria na ?aarabu ?akakolerana kuti ?aleke kuwukira caru cawo. Nangauli ?aarabu ?akatondeka kuthereska Nubia, kweni ?akamba kukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo.

Mozesi George, fumu ya Makuria na Alodia

Kufuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 700 m'paka m'ma 1100, ufumu wa Chikhristu wa Nubia uka?a na nkhongono chomene. Mu 747, Makuria wakawukira Eguputo, uyo pa nyengo iyi waka?a wa ?aumaliyadi, ndipo wakawuskaso ufumu uwu mu ma 960, apo ukafika kumpoto kwa Akhmim. Makuria waka?a paubwezi wakukhora na Alodia, ndipo panji ici cikapangiska kuti maufumu gha?iri agha gha?e ufumu umoza. ?anthu ?a ku Nubia awo ?akakhalanga mu nyengo yakale ?akachemekanga "Afro-Byzantine", kweni ?akakhwaskikanga chomene na ?anthu ?a ku Arabia. Gulu la boma ili lika?a lapakati chomene, ndipo likajintha pa ?amazaza ?a ku Byzantine ?a mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 600. ?anthu ?akamba kupenta vinthu vya ku dongo, chomenechomene vithuzithuzi vya ku vili?a. ?anthu ?a ku Nubia ?akalemba vilembo vya chiyowoyero chawo, Old Nobiin, ivyo vikajintha pa vilembo vya Chigiriki, Chigiriki, Chigiriki, na Chiarabu. ?anakazi ?aka?a na udindo wapachanya: ?akasambiranga, ?akaguranga, kugura na kuguliska malo, ndipo kanandi ?akagwiliskiranga ntchito chuma chawo kuti ?apeleke ndalama ku matchalitchi. Nanga mphapu ya fumu yinga?a ya mu mbumba ya amama ?ake, ndipo mwana wa mudumbu wa fumu ndiyo wakeneranga ku?a muhaliri.

Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1100 na 1200, msumba ukuru wa Makuria, Dongola, ukamba kuchepa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, mafuko gha ?abedouin ghaka?a mu viga?a vinandi vya ku Sudan, ndipo ?akaluta ku Butana, Gezira, Kordofan, na Darfur. Mu 1365, nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikapangiska ?anthu ?a ku Makuria kuti ?achimbilire ku Gebel Adda ku Lower Nubia. Kufuma apo, Makuria wakalutilira ku?a ufumu ucoko waka. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo themba Joel likawusira, charu cha Makuria chikamara. Malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja kufuma kumwera kwa Sudan m'paka ku tawuni ya Suakin ghaka?a gha Adal Sultanate mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Kumwera, ufumu wa Alodia ukathereskeka na ?aarabu, awo ?akalongozgekanga na Abdallah Jamma, panji Funj, ?anthu ?a ku Africa awo ?akafuma kumwera. Vinthu ivi vika?ako mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. (c. 1396~1494 C.E.), mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., 1504 m'paka 1509. Ufumu wa alodian ungapona mu ufumu wa Fazughli, uwo ukakhalapo m'paka mu 1685.

Ufumu wa Sennar na Darfur (c. 1500–1821)

Nkhani ikulu: Sultanate of Sennar, Tunjur kingdom, and Sultanate of Darfur

Mzikiti ukuru wa Sennar, uwo ukazengeka mu 17th century

Mu 1504 ?afunj ?akakhazikiska Ufumu wa Sennar, uwo uka?a chiga?a cha Abdallah Jamma. Mu 1523, apo Muyuda munyake zina lake David Reubeni wakaluta ku Sudan, caru ca Funj cikafika ku Dongola. Pa nyengo iyi, ?anthu awo ?akakhalanga ku Nile ?akamba kupharazga vya cisopa ca Cisilamu. Ndipouli, ?anthu ?a ku Funj ?akalutilira kusunga mitheto iyo yika?a ya chisopa chautesi, nga nkhutora ufumu wa Chiuta panji kumwa mo?a m'paka mu 1800. Chisilamu cha ?anthu ?a ku Sudan chikasungilira maluso ghanandi agho ghakafuma ku Chikhristu m'paka sono.

Mwalu?iro ?afunj ?akanjira mu nkhondo na ?aotomu, awo ?akakora Suakin mu 1526 ndipo pamasinda ?akaluta kumwera mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, m'paka ?akafika ku chiga?a chachitatu mu 1583/1584. ?asilikari ?a Ottoman ?akayezga kupoka Dongola mu 1585. Pamanyuma pake, Hannik, uyo waka?a kumwera kwa nthenda ya katara, ndiyo waka?a mphaka pakati pa vyaru vi?iri ivi. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa ?aotomu, ?akayezga kupoka ufumu wa Ajib, themba lichoko la kumpoto kwa Nubia. Nangauli Funj ?akamukoma mu 1611/1612, kweni Abdallab, awo ?akamulondezganga, ?akapika mazaza ghakulongozga vinthu vyose kumpoto kwa uko maji gha Blue na White Nile ghakukumana.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa Funj ukafika paheni chomene, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ukamba kuchepa. Kuwukira boma mu 1718 kukapangiska kuti muwuso wa mafuko usinthe, ndipo mu 1761 panji 1762, boma la Hamaj likamba kulamulira. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ufumu uwu ukamba kupasuka; ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, uka?a waka mu chiga?a cha Gezira.

Kumwera kwa Sudan mu c. 1800. Vikuwoneka kuti mazu?a ghano pali mphaka.

Kuwukira boma kwa mu 1718 kukapangiska kuti ?anthu ?ambe kulondezga chisopa cha Cisilamu, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ?anthu ?a mu charu ichi ?ambe ku?a ?arabu. Kuti ?a?e na mazaza pa ?anthu ?a ku Arabia, Funj ?akamba kusambizga ?anthu ?a ku Umayyad. Kumpoto kwa uko maji gha Blue na White Nile ghakusanganirana, kufupi na Al Dabbah, ?anthu ?a ku Nubia ?akasankha mtundu wa Aarabu ?a ku Jaalin. M'paka m'ma 1800, Chiarabu ndicho chika?a chiyowoyero chikuru chomene mu chiga?a chapakati pa milonga ya Sudan na mu chiga?a chikuru cha Kordofan.

Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, ku Darfur, nyengo ya Chisilamu yikati yakwana, ufumu wa Tunjur ukawuka, uwo ukasintha ufumu wakale wa Daju mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. ?anthu ?a ku Tunjur ?akwenera kuti ?aka?a ?aarabu ?a mtundu wa Berber ndipo awo ?akalongozganga ?aka?a ?asilamu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa Fur Keira ukachimbizga ?anthu ?a ku Tunjur. Boma la Keira, ilo lika?a la Chisilamu kufuma mu nyengo ya Solomoni Solong (uyo wakawusa mu 1660 m'paka mu 1680), lika?a ufumu uchoko kumpoto kwa Jebel Marra, kweni likakura kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na kumafumiro gha dazi mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Muhammad Tayrab (uyo wakawusa mu 1751 m'paka mu 1786). Ufumu uwu uka?a ukuru chomene, ndipo uka?a ukuru wakuyana na wa Nigeria wa mazu?a ghano.

Turkiyah na Mahdist Sudan (1821-1899)

Nkhani ikulu: Mbili ya Sudan (1821-1885), Mahdist Sudan, and Kuwukira kwa Anglo-Egypt kwa Sudan

Ismail Pasha, Khedive wa Ottoman wa Egypt na Sudan kufuma 1863 mpaka 1879

Muhammad Ahmad, muwusi wa Sudan (1881-1885)

Mu 1821, muwusi wa ku Eguputo, Muhammad Ali, wakawukira na kuwukira kumpoto kwa Sudan. Nangauli Muhammad Ali waka?a fumu ya Eguputo mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ottoman, kweni wakajiwonanga kuti ni khedive wa Eguputo. Pakukhumba kuti Sudan nayo wa?e chiga?a chake, wakatuma mwana wake wacitatu Ismail (uyo wakwenera kutimbanizgika yayi na Isma'il Pasha uyo wazunulika kunthazi) kuti wakawuske caru ici, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakaci?ika mu Eguputo. Padera pa Shaiqiya na Darfur sultanate mu Kordofan, ?akamususka yayi. Mwana wa Ibrahim Pasha, Isma?il, ndiyo wakalutilira kuthereska Eguputo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake, charu cha Sudan chikathereskeka.

?alara?alara ?a boma la Egypt ?akanozga vinthu vinandi mu caru ca Sudan, comenecomene kumpoto kwa caru ici, comenecomene pa nkhani ya ulimi wa milonga na ulimi wa katoni. Mu 1879, maufumu ghakuru ghakachimbizga Ismail na kwimika mwana wake Tewfik Pasha. Uheni wa Tewfik ukapangiska kuti 'Urabi wagomezge kuti Khedive wafwa. Tewfik wakapempha ?asilikari ?a Britain kuti ?amovwire. Charu cha Sudan chikakhala mu mawoko gha boma la Khedivial, na maboma agho ghakacitanga vinthu mwambura kwenelera ndiposo uheni.

Mu nyengo ya Khedivial, ?anthu ?akamba kususkika chifukwa cha msonkho ukuru uwo ?akakhomanga pa milimo yinandi. Malipiro gha msonkho pa visimi vya maji na vyakurya ghaka?a ghanandi comene mwakuti ?alimi ?anandi ?akaleka minda yawo na vi?eto. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1870, ?anthu ?a ku Europe awo ?akasuskanga malonda gha ?azga ?akakhwaska chomene chuma cha kumpoto kwa Sudan. Muhammad ibn Abd Allah, Mahdi (Uyo Wakulongozgeka), wakapeleka mwa?i ku Ansars (?alondezgi ?ake) na awo ?akamupulikira kuti ?asankhepo yumoza pakati pa kupokelera cisopa ca Ciisilamu panji kukomeka. Ufumu wa Mahdiyah ukakhazikiska malango gha Chisilamu. Pa Ogasiti 12, 1881, pakacitika cinthu cinyake pa cirwa ca Aba, ico cikapangiska kuti pa?e Nkhondo ya Mahdist.

Kufuma apo wakapharazgira vya Mahdiyya mu Juni 1881 m'paka apo msumba wa Khartoum ukaparanyikira mu Janyuwale 1885, Muhammad Ahmad wakalongozga nkhondo yakuluska ya nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la Turk-Egypt ku Sudan, ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Turkiyah. Muhammad Ahmad wakafwa pa Juni 22, 1885, myezi 6 pera kufuma apo ?akathereskera Khartoum. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana na ?asilikari ?ake, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, na wovwiri wa Baggara ?a kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan, wakathereska ?akususka ?anyake na ku?a mulongozgi wa Mahdiyah. Wakati wakhozga mazaza ghake, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad wakatora udindo wa Khalifa (wakulondezgapo) wa Mahdi, wakambiska boma, ndipo wakasora Ansar (?eneawo kanandi ?aka?a Baggara) ku?a ma emirs pa chiga?a chilichose.

Kuthawa kwa Khalifa wati wathereskeka ku Nkhondo ya Omdurman mu 1898

Mu nyengo ya Mahdiyah, vinthu vika?a makora yayi mu chiga?a ichi, chifukwa cha nkhaza izo Khalifa wakachitanga kuti wawuse charu chose. Mu 1887, ?asilikari ?a Ansar ?akukwana 60,000 ?akanjira mu Etiyopiya, ndipo ?akafika m'paka ku Gondar. Mu Malichi 1889, fumu Yohannes IV ya ku Etiyopiya yikaluta ku Metemma. Kweni Yohannes wakati wafwa pa nkhondo, ?asilikari ?a ku Etiyopiya ?akawerako. Abd ar-Rahman an-Nujumi, mulara wa ?asilikari ?a Khalifa, wakayezga kuti wawukire Eguputo mu 1889, kweni ?asilikari ?a ku Eguputo awo ?akalongozgekanga na Britain ?akathereska ?asilikari ?a Ansar ku Tushkah. Cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa nkhondo ya ?aegupto, ?asilikari ?a Ansar ?akathera. ?a Belgian ?akalekeska ?anthu ?a Mahdi kuwukira Equatoria, ndipo mu 1893, ?a Italiya ?akathereska ?alwani ?a Ansar ku Agordat (mu Eritrea) na ku?achichizga kuti ?afumemo mu Ethiopia.

Mu ma 1890, ?a ku Britain ?akayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghawo pa Sudan, mwantheura ?akambaso kulamulira mu zina la Khedive wa ku Egypt, kweni mu unenesko ?akacitanga vinthu nga ni caru ca Britain. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1890, ?anthu ?a ku Britain, France, na Belgium ?akamba kudokera maji gha Nile. Britain wakafipanga mtima kuti maboma ghanyake ghacitenge vinthu mwambura kwenelera mu Sudan na kupoka malo agho ghaka?a pasi pa Eguputo. Padera pa fundo za ndyali izi, Britain wakakhumbanga kuti wakhozge Nile kuti waleke kunanga chizi?a cha Aswan. Herbert Kitchener wakalongozga nkhondo yakwimikana na Mahdist Sudan kufuma mu 1896 mpaka 1898. Nkhondo ya Kitchener yikamalira pa Nkhondo ya Omdurman pa Seputembala 2, 1898. Chaka chimoza pamanyuma, Nkhondo ya Umm Diwaykarat pa 25 November 1899 yikapangiska kuti Abdallahi ibn Muhammad wafwe, ndipo nkhondo ya Mahdist yikamara.

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)

Nkhani ikulu: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Nkhondo ya Mahdist yikacitika pakati pa gulu la ?asilamu ?akucemeka Mahdists, awo ?akathereska caru cose ca Sudan, na ?asilikari ?a Britain.

Mu 1899, Britain na Egypt ?akakolerana kuti Sudan walongozgekenge na kazembe uyo wakimikika na Eguputo. Nakuti caru ca Sudan cika?a pasi pa muwuso wa boma. ?analume ?a ku Britain ?aka?a ?akukhumbisiska kuti ?amazge ndondomeko iyo yikamba mu muwuso wa Muhammad Ali Pasha ya kuwunganya Nile Valley pasi pa ?alongozgi ?a ku Eguputo. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa]

Pa nyengo iyi, ?anthu ?a mu viga?a vya ku Sudan ?akasuzgikanga kuti ?amanye mphaka ya charu ichi na Abisini. Mu 1905, mulongozgi wa chiga?a ichi, Sultan Yambio, wakaleka kurwa nkhondo na ?asilikari ?a Britain awo ?akakhalira mu chiga?a cha Kordofan. Boma la Britain likalutilira kulamulira mu Sudan, ndipo ?anthu ?akamba kulimbana na boma la Egypt. Mu 1914, boma la Ottoman likati lamara, Sir Reginald Wingate wakatumika ku Sudan mu Disembala. Hussein Kamel wakapharazgika ku?a Sultan wa ku Egypt na Sudan, nga umo vika?ira na mubali wake Fuad I. ?akalutilira kukhumba boma limoza la ku Egypt na Sudan nanga ni apo ufumu wa Egypt ukasinthika zina ku?a Ufumu wa Egypt na Sudan, kweni Saad Zaghloul ndiyo wakalutilira kukhu?ara na ivyo ?akakhumbanga mpaka apo wakafwira mu 1927.

Msilikari wa ngamila wa ?asilikari ?a ku Britain, kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900

From 1924 until independence in 1956, the British had a policy of running Sudan as two essentially separate tMalo gha kumpoto na kumwera. Kukomeka kwa kazembe wa Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ku Cairo ndiko kukacitiska kuti boma la Wafd ilo likasoleka li?e na ?asilikari. Gulu la ?asilikari ?a?iri mu msumba wa Khartoum likasinthika zina ku?a Sudan Defence Force (SDF) ilo likate?eteranga pasi pa boma la Sudan. ?a Wafist ?akakana fundo yakuti Sarwat Pasha wakhalenge na Austen Chamberlain ku London. Kweni Cairo wakakhumbikwiranga ndalama. Ndalama za boma la Sudan zikafika pachanya mu 1928 pa ￡6.6 million, pamanyuma pa kusinthasintha kwa Wafdist, na kupoka kwa mphaka za Italy kufuma ku Somaliland, London wakadumura kuchepeska ndalama mu nyengo ya suzgo yikuru. Vinthu vinandi ivyo ?akaguliskanga ku Britain vikapangiska kuti ku Khartoum ku?e suzgo la ndalama.

Mu Julayi 1936, mulongozgi wa Liberal Constitutional, Muhammed Mahmoud wakanyengelereka kuti wize na nthumwi za Wafd ku London kuti zizakasayine phangano la Anglo-Egypt, "kwamba kwa nyengo yiphya mu ubwezi wa Anglo-Egypt", wakalemba Anthony Eden. ?asilikari ?a Britain ?akazomerezgeka kuwelera ku Sudan kuti ?avikilire ciga?a ca Canal. ?akasanga malo ghakusambizgirako ndipo ?asilikari ?a nkhondo ?akendanga mwakufwatuka mu Eguputo. Ndipouli, likamazga yayi suzgo la ku Sudan: ?anthu ?a ku Sudan ?akamba kucitiska kuti boma la msumba uwu liwelere, ndipo ?akakolerana na ?antchito ?a ku Germany.

Mussolini wakalongosora makora kuti wangakananga yayi kuwukira Abyssinia kwambura kuwukira Eguputo na Sudan. ?asilikari ?a boma la Britain ?akanozgekera kuti ?avikilire ciga?a ici, ico cika?a cakusuzga comene. Mthenga wa ku Britain wakajandizga Italy kuti waleke kukolerana na Egypt na Sudan. Kweni Mahmoud waka?a movwiri wa Mufti Mukuru wa ku Yerusalemu.

Boma la Sudan likacitako nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Gulu la Sudan Defence Force likakhazikiskika mu 1925. Mu 1940, ?asilikari ?a Italy ?akakora Kassala na viga?a vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Somaliland. Mu 1942, SDF yikawovwiraso pa nkhondo ya ku Italy iyo yikacitika na ?asilikari ?a Britain na ?a Commonwealth. Kazembe waumaliro wa Britain waka?a Robert George Howe.

Nkhondo ya ku Eguputo iyo yikacitika mu 1952, yikalongora kuti caru ca Sudan capokera wanangwa. Pakumazga muwuso wa ufumu mu 1953, ?alongozgi ?aphya ?a ku Eguputo, Mohammed Naguib, uyo nyina waka?a wa ku Sudan, na Gamal Abdel Nasser, ?akagomezganga kuti nthowa yimoza pera ya kumazgira muwuso wa Britain mu Sudan yika?a yakuti Eguputo waleke kujilambika. Kweniso Nasser wakamanyanga kuti cika?a cakusuzga kuti Eguputo wambe kuwusa caru cikavu ca Sudan para capokera wanangwa. Kweni ?a ku Britain ?akalutilira kovwira mu ndyali na vya ndyali muhaliri wa Mahdist, Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, uyo ?akagomezganga kuti walekelerenge kuyuzgika na ?aeguputo kuti charu cha Sudan chi?e na wanangwa wa kusankha. Rahman waka?a wakwenelera kucita nthena, kweni boma lake lika?a lambura mahara pa nkhani za ndyali. ?aegupto na Britain wose ?akamanya kuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi, ntheura ?akasankha kuzomerezga viga?a vyose vya Sudan, kumpoto na kumwera kuti vi?e na wanangwa wa kuvota usange vikukhumba kujiyimira pa?ekha panji kufumamo kwa Britain..

Kujiyimira (1956~pano)

Nkhani ikulu: Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969) and Democratic Republic of the Sudan

Ndembera ya Sudan yikakwezgeka pa ciphikiro ca kujithemba pa 1 Janyuwale 1956 na nduna yikuru Ismail al-Azhari ndipo pakunozgekera mulongozgi wakususka Mohamed Ahmed Almahjoub.

Kuvota kukacitika ndipo pakapangika nyumba ya malango ya demokilase ndipo Ismail al-Azhari wakasankhika ku?a nduna yikuru yakwamba na kulongozga boma lakwamba la ku Sudan. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1956, pa ciphikiro capadera ico cikacitikira mu Nyumba ya Ufumu, ndembera za Eguputo na Britain zikakhira ndipo ndembera yiphya ya Sudan, yaku?a na viyuni, vyamabuluu na vyafipa, yikakwezgeka na nduna yikuru Ismail al-Azhari.

?anthu ?akakondwa yayi na ivyo vikachitika ndipo pa Meyi 25, 1969, boma likapoka boma laci?iri. Mulongozgi wa boma, Col. Gaafar Nimeiry, wakazgoka nduna yikuru, ndipo boma liphya likamazga Nyumba ya Malamulo na kukanizga vipani vyose vya ndyali. Mphindano pakati pa ?anthu ?a Marxist na ?ambura Marxist mukati mwa ?asilikari awo ?aka?a ku muwuso wa ?asilikari, zikapangiska kuti boma lipoke boma mu July 1971. Pakati pajumpha mazu?a ghacoko waka, ?asilikari awo ?akasuskanga boma la Communist ?akawezgerapo Nimeiry ku mazaza.

Mu 1972, phangano la Addis Ababa likawovwira kuti nkhondo ya kumpoto na kumwera yimare. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhondo ya pawenenawene yimare kwa vyaka 10, kweni ?asilikari ?a ku America ?akaleka kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama pa mulimo wa kuzenga Jonglei Canal. Ivi vika?a vyakukhumbikwa chomene kuti maji gha mu chiga?a cha Upper Nile ghaleke kunjira mu maji, kweniso kuti paleke ku?a suzgo la vinthu vyakuthupi kweniso kuti paleke ku?a njara yikuru pakati pa mafuko gha ku malo agha, chomenechomene Dinka. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikati yacitika, caru cawo cikapokeka, kupokeka, na kotcheka. ?anthu ?anandi ?a fuko ili ?akakomeka pa nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikatora vilimika vyakujumpha 20.

1971 Sudanese coup d'état

M'paka m'ma 1970, vyakurya vinandi vya ku Sudan vikagwiliskirika ntchito mu charu. Mu 1972, boma la Sudan likamba kutemwera vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo likakhumbanga kuti vyakurya na vyakurya vinyake vifumiskike mu vyaru vinyake. Kweni mu ma 1970, mitengo ya vinthu yikakhira, ndipo vinthu vikamba kunangika mu Sudan. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, ndalama izo ?akagwiliskiranga ntchito pakunozga vyakurya zikakwera. Mu 1978, IMF yikadumbiskana na boma za ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu. Ici cikakhozga comene vyakurya ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake. Ici cikapangiska kuti ?aliska ?a vi?eto ?a ku Sudan ?asuzgikenge comene (wonani ?anthu ?a ku Nuba). Mu 1976, gulu la Ansars likayezga kutimbanizga boma, kweni likatondeka. Kweni mu Julayi 1977, Pulezidenti Nimeiry wakakumana na mulongozgi wa Ansar, Sadiq al-Mahdi, ndipo ivi vikajura nthowa yakuti pa?e mtende. ?anthu ?anandi awo ?akakakika cifukwa ca ndyali ?akafwatulika, ndipo mu Ogasiti, ?anthu wose ?akususkana na boma ?akafwatulika.

Bashir era (1989–2019)

Omar al-Bashir in 2017

Wonani vinandi: Republic of the Sudan (1985–2019)

Pa Juni 30, 1989, Colonel Omar al-Bashir wakalongozga boma la nkhondo kwambura kuthiska ndopa. Boma liphya la ?asilikari likakanizga vyaru vinyake vya ndyali ndipo likambiska dango la chisopa cha Cisilamu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, al-Bashir wakayezga kukanizga magulu gha ?asilikari, vyaru vya ndyali, na manyuzipepara ghakujiyimira pawekha, kweniso wakakaka ?anthu ?akumanyikwa ?a ndyali na ?amutolamakani. Pa Okutobala 16, 1993, al-Bashir wakaji?ika ku?a "Mukuru wa Boma" ndipo wakasesa wupu wa Revolutionary Command Council. Al-Bashir ndiyo waka?a na mazaza gha kuwusa na kusora malango.

Mu 1996, iyo waka?a yekha uyo waka?a wakwenelera kusankhapo. Charu cha Sudan chika?a na chipani chimoza icho chika?a pasi pa National Congress Party (NCP). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, Hassan al-Turabi, uyo pa nyengo iyo waka?a mula?iliri wa Nyumba ya Malango, wakawungana na magulu gha chisopa cha Cisilamu ndipo wakachema Osama bin Laden kuti wize mu caru ici. Pamanyuma pake, boma la United States likalemba kuti Sudan ni boma ilo likuwovwira vige?enga. Pamanyuma pakuti ?asilikari ?a Al-Qaeda ?aponya mabomba pa ofesi ya ufumiskiri wa ku United States ku Kenya na Tanzania, ?asilikari ?a United States ?akamba ntchito ya Operation Infinite Reach ndipo ?akakoma fakitare ya Al-Shifa, iyo boma la United States likagomezganga kuti yikupanga vilwero vya vyamizimu. Nkhongono ya Al-Turabi yikamba kuchepa, ndipo ?anji awo ?akakhumbanga kuti vinthu vi?e makora ?akayezga kusintha umo charu cha Sudan chika?ira. Charu ichi chikagwiranga nchito kuti cikhozge ?akususka ?ake mwa kufumiska ?anthu ?a ku Egypt ?a Islamic Jihad na kukhu?ilizga bin Laden kuti wafumeko.

Gulu la boma ku Darfur

Pambere chisankho cha 2000 chindachitike, al-Turabi wakapeleka dango lakukanizga mazaza gha pulezidenti, ndipo al-Bashir wakalangura kuti boma lileke kugwira ntchito. Apo al-Turabi wakaciskanga ?anthu kuti ?aleke kucita nawo phangano na gulu la Sudan People's Liberation Army, al-Bashir wakaghanaghananga kuti ?akukhumba kuwuskapo boma. Hassan al-Turabi ?akamujalira mu jele mu chaka chenechicho.

Mu Febuluwale 2003, gulu la Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) na Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) mu Darfur ?akanyamura vilwero, ?akasuska boma la Sudan kuti likusuzga ?anthu ?a ku Sudan awo ?aka?a ?arabu yayi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, nkhondo iyi yikucemeka kuti ni kukoma ?anthu, ndipo Khoti la ku Hague (ICC) lili kupeleka malango gha?iri kuti al-Bashir wakomeke. Gulu la ?anthu ?akuchemeka Janjaweed, ilo likuyowoya Ciarabu, likuyuyulika cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo likucita.

Pa 9 Janyuwale 2005, boma likasaina phangano la Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement na Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) na chilato cha kumazga Nkhondo Yachi?iri ya ku Sudan. Wupu wa United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) ukakhazikiskika na UN Security Council Resolution 1590 kuti uwovwire pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko iyi. Phangano la mtende lika?a chakukhumbikwa kuti pa?e referendum ya mu 2011: chilato chake chika?a chakuti South Sudan yipatulike.

?anthu ?a ku South Sudan ?akulindilira kuvota pa 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum.

Gulu la Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) ndilo lika?a na mazaza pa Eastern Front. Pambuyo pa mgwirizano wamtendere, malo awo adatengedwa mu February 2004 pambuyo pa kuphatikiza kwa Fulani wamkulu ndi Beja Congress ndi Rashaida Free Lions yaying'ono. Pa Okutobala 14, 2006, boma la Sudan likasaina phangano la mtende na gulu la Eastern Front ku Asmara. Pa Meyi 5, 2006, pakalembeka phangano la mtende la ku Darfur, ilo likakhumbanga kumazga nkhondo iyo yikatora vyaka vitatu. Nkhondo ya Chad na Sudan (2005-2007) yikamba pamanyuma pakuti nkhondo ya Adré yikapangiska kuti Chad yipharazge nkhondo. ?alongozgi ?a ku Sudan na Chad ?akalembeska phangano ku Saudi Arabia pa 3 May 2007 kuti ?aleke kurwa nkhondo ya ku Darfur iyo yika?a pa mphaka ya makilomita 1,000.

Mu Julayi 2007, mu caru ici muka?a maji ghanandi agho ghakatimba ?anthu ?akujumpha 400,000. Kwambira mu 2009, nkhondo izo zikuchitika pakati pa mafuko gha visopa ku Sudan na South Sudan zakoma ?anthu ?anandi.

Kuga?a na kuwezgerapo

Nkhondo ya ku Sudan ku South Kordofan na Blue Nile mu ma 2010s pakati pa Army of Sudan na Sudan Revolutionary Front yikamba nga nkhukwesana pa chiga?a cha Abyei icho chili na mafuta ghanandi mu myezi yakulondezgapo pambere South Sudan yinda?e na wanangwa mu 2011, nangauli yikukolerana na nkhondo ya ku Darfur iyo yili kumalizgika. Ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pake vikacemeka kuti Sudanese Intifada, ndipo vikamara mu 2013 apo al-Bashir wakalayizga kuti wazamusankhikaso yayi mu 2015. Pamanyuma wakaleka kufiska ivyo wakalayizga ndipo wakakhumba kuwuskika mu 2015, ndipo wakawina cifukwa cakuti ?akususka ?akazomerezga yayi kuti mavoti gha?enge ghakufwatuka yayi. Kuvota kuka?a kwacoko comene, 46%.

Pa January 13, 2017, pulezidenti wa ku United States, Barack Obama, wakalembapo dango ilo likawuskapo vyeruzgo vinandi ivyo boma la Sudan likakanizga. Pa 6 Okutobala 2017, purezidenti wa US Donald Trump wakamazga vyeruzgo vinandi ivyo vika?apo pa charu ichi na mafuta, katundu wakunjira na kunjilira mu vyaru vinyake.

2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government

Nkhani ikulu: Sudanese Revolution and 2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy

Wonaniso: Sovereignty Council of Sudan

Awo ?akwimira boma la Sudan ?akukondwelera kusazgikira kwa ndondomeko ya malango gha chalo pa 17 August 2019.

Pa Disembala 19, 2018, ?anthu ?anandi ?akamba kususka ivyo boma likadumura vyakuti mitengo ya vinthu yikwane katatu. Kweniso, Pulezidenti al-Bashir, uyo waka?a pa mazaza kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 30, wakakana kufumapo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti magulu gha ?akususka gha?e pamoza. Boma likawezgera na kukora ?anthu ?akuwukira boma ?akujumpha 800 na awo ?akasuskanga, ndipo ?anthu pafupifupi 40 ?akafwa, kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch. Chiwonetserochi chinapitilizidwa pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa boma lake pa 11 Epulo 2019 pambuyo pa chiwonetsero chachikulu kutsogolo kwa likulu la Sudanese Armed Forces, pambuyo pake atsogoleri a nduna adaganiza kulowererapo ndipo adalamula kumangidwa kwa Purezidenti al-Bashir ndikulengeza miyezi itatu yachilendo. ?anthu ?akujumpha 100 ?akafwa pa Juni 3 pamanyuma pakuti ?asilikari ?abwangandura ?anthu awo ?akakhalanga pasi na kugwiliskira nchito mafuta gha masozi na vilwero vyeneco. ?awukirano ?a ku Sudan ndiwo ?akapelekanga ulongozgi pa viyezgo ivi. Ungano uwu ukamara apo gulu la Forces for Freedom and Change (bungwe la magulu agho ghakachitiska ungweru uwu) na Transitional Military Council (boma la ?asilikari) ?akasaina chiphangano cha Julayi 2019. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti pa?e wupu wa ?asilikari na ?anthu wose wa ku Sudan, kweniso kuti pa?e mulara wa boma, kweniso kuti pa?e mulara wa boma, Nemat Abdullah Khair. Mulara wa boma wakale, Abdalla Hamdok, wa vyaka 61, uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku wupu wa UN Economic Commission for Africa, wakapika nchito pa Ogasiti 21. Wakamba kudumbiskana na wupu wa IMF na World Bank kuti ?amazge suzgo la vyakurya, mafuta na ndalama. Hamdok wakati ndalama zakukwana madola 10 biliyoni mu vyaka vi?iri zingamazga wofi. Maboma gha Saudi Arabia na United Arab Emirates ghaka?ika ndalama zinandi pakovwira wupu wa ?asilikari kufuma apo Bashir wakathereskekera. Pa 3 Seputembala, Hamdok wakasora ?analume 14 ku?a nduna za boma, kusazgapo mwanakazi wakwamba ku?a nduna ya vyaru vinyake na Mkhristu wakwamba wa ku Coptic, uyo nayo waka?a mwanakazi. Mu Ogasiti 2021, chalo chikalongozgekanga na Chairman wa Transitional Sovereign Council, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, na Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok.

2021 coup and the al-Burhan regime

Nkhani ikulu: October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état

Boma la Sudan likapharazga pa 21 Seputembala 2021 kuti paka?a chiyezgo chakutondeka cha boma kufuma ku ?asilikari icho chikapangiska kuti ?apolisi 40 ?akakike.

Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza kufuma apo boma likayezga kutimbanizga boma, ?asilikari ?akambaso kuwukira boma pa Okutobala 25, 2021. Nkhondo iyi yikalongozgeka na Jenerale Abdel Fattah al-Burhan uyo pamasinda wakapharazga kuti kuli suzgo.

Pa Novembala 21, 2021, Hamdok wakambaso ku?a nduna yikuru pamanyuma pakuti Abdel Fattah al-Burhan wasayina phangano la ndyali kuti wawezgepo muwuso wa ?anthu (nangauli Burhan wakalutilira kuwusa). Phangano la viga?a 14 likati ?akayidi wose ?a ndyali awo ?akakakika pa nyengo ya vimbundi ?afwatulike. Hamdok wakachimbizga mulara wa ?apolisi Khaled Mahdi Ibrahim al-Emam na wachi?iri wake Ali Ibrahim.

Pa Janyuwale 2, 2022, Hamdok wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wake wa nduna yikuru pamanyuma pa umoza wa viphikiro ivyo vyapangiska ?anthu ?anandi kufwa.

Kufika mu Malichi 2022 ?anthu ?akujumpha 1,000 kusazgapo ?ana 148 ?aka?a kuti ?akakika cifukwa ca kukana boma la boma, ndipo paka?a milandu 25 yakucicizga ndipo ?anthu 87 ?akakomeka kusazgapo ?ana 11.

2023 internal conflict

Nkhani ikulu: 2023 Sudan conflict

Mu Epulero chaka cha 2023, apo ?anthu ?a vyaru vyakupambanapambana ?akadumbiskananga za ndondomeko ya kusinthira boma ku boma la ?anthu ?ambura mulandu, nkhondo ya mazaza yikakura pakati pa mulongozgi wa ?asilikari (na mulongozgi wa charu) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, na movwiri wake, Mohamed Hamdan Daglo, mulongozgi wa gulu la ?asilikari la Rapid Support Forces & Rapid Strike Force ("RSF"), ilo likapangika kufuma ku Janjaweed.

Pa 15 Epulero, 2023, nkhondo yawo yikazgoka nkhondo zaciwawa comene mu misewu ya mu Khartoum pakati pa ?asilikari na RSF na ?asilikari, matangi na ndege. Kuyana na wupu wa United Nations, pa zu?a lacitatu, ?anthu 400 ?akafwa ndipo 3,500 ?akapwetekeka. Pa ?anthu awo ?akafwa, paka?a ?antchito ?atatu ?a WFP, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti wupu uwu uleke kugwira nchito mu Sudan, nangauli mu caru cose muli njara. Mulembi-mulongozgi wa UN, António Guterres, wakapempha "urunji" mwalu?iro cifukwa ca kukoma ?anthu a?a, ndipo wakapempha kuti nkhondo yimare.

?adipuloma ?a African Union na Saudi Arabia ?aluta ku Sudan kuti ?akayezge kuwezgerapo mtende. ?aka?aphalira kuti ?aleke kuwombera ?anthu awo ?apwetekeka, kweni nkhondo yikalutilira.

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Sudan

Mapu gha Sudan. Chiga?a cha Hala'ib Triangle chili pasi pa boma la Egypt kwambira mu 2000.

Mapu gha charu cha Sudan

Charu cha Sudan chili kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita 853 kufupi na Nyanja Yiswesi. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru nga ni Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Chad, na Libya. Na malo ghakukwana 1,886,068 km2 (728,215 sq mi), ni chalo chachitatu pakukura mu Africa (panyuma pa Algeria na Democratic Republic of Congo) na cha 15 pa vyaru vyose.

Charu cha Sudan chili pakati pa 8° na 23°N. Malo agha ngakutowa chomene ndipo ghali na mapiri ghanandi. Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Deriba Caldera (3,042 m), iyo yili mu mapiri gha Marrah, ndiyo ni malo ghapacanya comene mu Sudan. Kumafumiro gha dazi kuli mapiri gha ku Nyanja Yiswesi.

Mlonga wa Blue Nile na White Nile ukukumana ku Khartoum kuti u?e Mlonga wa Nile, uwo ukufuma kumpoto kujumpha mu Eguputo kuya ku Nyanja ya Meditereniyani. Mlonga wa Blue Nile ukujumpha mu Sudan ndipo uli na utali wa makilomita pafupifupi 800. Mlonga wa White Nile mu Sudan ulije milonga yinandi.

Pali madamu ghanandi pa Mlonga wa Blue na White Nile. Zina mwa madamu agha ni madamu gha Sennar na Roseires agho ghali pa Mlonga wa Blue Nile, kweniso madamu gha Jebel Aulia agho ghali pa Mlonga wa White Nile. Paliso Nyanja ya Nubia pa mphaka ya Sudan na Eguputo.

Mu Sudan muli vinthu vinandi vyakukhumbikwa nga ni asibesiti, chromite, cobalt, mkuwa, golide, granite, gypsum, chisulo, kaolin, lead, manganese, mica, gasi, nikele, mafuta, siliva, tini, uranium na zinki..

Climate

Nkhani ikulu: Climate of Sudan

Mvula yikukhilira kumwera. Ku chiga?a chapakati na kumpoto kuli malo ghakomira chomene nga ni chipalamba cha Nubia kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi. Nyengo ya vula ku Sudan yikutora myezi yinayi (June m'paka September) kumpoto, ndipo myezi 6 (May m'paka October) kumwera.

Ku viga?a vyakomira, kukuchitika chimphepo chikuru cha mchenga, icho chikuchemeka haboob. Ku viga?a vya kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kuli mapopa ghacoko, ?anthu ?akuthemba comene vula izo zikulokwa yayi kuti ?ambe kulima. Pafupi na Mlonga wa Nayelo, pali minda iyo yili na maji ghanandi. Mu vyaru vinandi, zu?a liku?ala nyengo yitali comene, kweni comenecomene mu mapopa uko liku?ala maora 4,000 pa caka..

Environmental issues

Kuzgoka mapopa ni suzgo likuru comene mu Sudan. Kweniso ?anthu ?akufipa mtima na kunangika kwa dongo. Vyaru vinandi vya boma na vya ?anthu ?ekha vyalutilira kukura kwambura kuvikilirika. Vinthu ivi vyapangiska kuti makuni ghaphyoleke, dongo liwomire, kweniso kuti maji gha mu dongo ghaleke ku?a ghawemi.

Vinyama vyamuthondo vya mu caru ici vili pangozi cifukwa ca ulovi. Kuzakafika mu 2001, vyamoyo 21 vya vinyama na vyamoyo 9 vya viyuni vika?a pangozi. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vili pangozi ni: waldrapp, northern white rhinoceros, tora hartebeest, gazela wa masengwe ghafupi, na hawksbill turtle. Nyama ya Sahara oryx yili kumara mu ci?aya.

Politics

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Sudan

Ndyali za ku Sudan zika?a za boma la Islamic Republic m'paka mu April 2019, apo boma la President Omar al-Bashir likathereskeka na boma la ?asilikari. Pakwamba wakambiska wupu wa Transitional Military Council kuti uwuse vyalo vya mukati. Kweniso wakalekeska malango gha boma na kumazga nyumba za malango izo zika?anga na nyumba zi?iri. Kweni Ibn Auf wakakhalako zu?a limoza pera ndipo wakafumapo, ndipo Abdel Fattah al-Burhan ndiyo waka?a mulongozgi wa wupu wa Transitional Military Council. Pa 4 Ogasiti 2019, chikalata chiphya cha Constitution chikalembeka pakati pa ?imiliri ?a Transitional Military Council na Forces of Freedom and Change, ndipo pa 21 Ogasiti 2019 Transitional Military Council yikasinthika mwalamulo ku?a mutu wa boma na wupu wa 11 wa Sovereignty Council, ndipo nga mutu wa boma na nduna yikuru.

Sharia law

Under al-Bashir

Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Omar al-Bashir, malango gha mu Sudan ghakajintha pa Sharia. Mu 2005, paka?a phangano la Naivasha ilo likamazga nkhondo pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera kwa Sudan. Dango la Chisilamu la ku Sudan ndakupambana na vyaru vinyake.

Ku Sudan, ?anthu ?akakomeranga munthu na malibwe. Pakati pa 2009 na 2012, ?anakazi ?anandi ?akakomeka na malibwe. Dango likatenge munthu wakwenera kukomeka. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 2009 na 2014, ?anthu ?anandi ?akalangika kuti ?apike chilango cha ku?atimba na mafayiti 40. Mu Ogasiti 2014, ?analume ?anandi ?a ku Sudan ?akafwira mu jele chifukwa cha kutambuzgika. Mu 2001, ?akhristu 53 ?akatimbika. Dango la boma la Sudan likazomerezganga ?apolisi kuti ?athyapure ?anakazi awo ?akuti ?akuchita vinthu vyambura kwenelera.

Kweniso dango likalanganga munthu para wakhomeka pa khuni. Mu 2002, ?anthu 88 ?akeruzgika kuti ?akomeke cifukwa ca kukoma ?anthu, kwiba na vilwero, na kurwa nkhondo. Wupu wa Amnesty International ukalemba kuti ?anthu a?a ?angakomeka na kukhomeka panji kukhomeka pa khuni.

Khoti la pa caru cose likuzomera kuti ndise ?akwenelera kweruzga. Kuyana na phangano la Naivasha, dango la Chisilamu likagwiranga nchito yayi mu South Sudan. Kufuma waka apo South Sudan yikapatukira, paka?a kukayika usange dango la Sharia lizamugwira nchito ku ?anthu ?acoko waka awo Mbasilamu yayi mu Sudan.

Boma la Sudan lili na khoti la malango ilo lili na ?eruzgi 9, Khoti Likuru Chomene, Khoti la Cassation, na makhoti ghanyake gha mu charu ichi..

After al-Bashir

Nkhani ikulu: 2019–2024 Sudanese transition to democracy

Following the ouster of al-Bashir, the interim constitution signed in August 2019 contained no mention of Sharia law. As of 12 July 2020, Sudan abolished the apostasy law, public flogging and alcohol ban for non-Muslims. The draft of a new law was passed in early July. Sudan also criminalized female genital mutilation with a punishment of up to 3 years in jail. An accord between the transitional government and rebel group leadership was signed in September 2020, in which the government agreed to officially separate the state and religion, ending three decades of rule under Islamic law. It also agreed that no official state religion will be established.

Foreign relations

Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of Sudan

Bashir (right) and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick, 2005

Pakuti charu cha Sudan chili na visambizgo vya chisopa chautesi, ?anthu ?anandi ?akuchimbira kwawo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, charu cha Uganda, Kenya, na Ethiopia, vika?a mu wupu wa ad hoc uwo ukachemekanga "Front Line States" na wovwiri wa United States kuti uwonenge umo boma la National Islamic Front likuchitira. Boma la Sudan likapeleka wovwiri ku magulu gha ?akugaluka gha ku Uganda nga ni Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).

Apo boma la National Islamic Front ku Khartoum likamba kuwoneka nga ni suzgo ku chiga?a ichi na caru cose, boma la United States likamba ku?ika Sudan pa ndondomeko ya vyaru ivyo vikovwira ?anthu kuti ?acite vinthu vyakofya. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la United States lalemba kuti Sudan ni boma ilo likupeleka wovwiri ku vige?enga, wupu uwu ukaghanaghana vyakuti wambiske ubwezi na Iraq, ndipo pamanyuma Iran, vyaru vi?iri ivyo vili na mphindano mu ciga?a ici.

Kwamba m'ma 1990, Sudan yikamba kuchepeskako maghanoghano ghake cifukwa ca kukhu?ilizgika na boma la United States pamanyuma pa kuphulika kwa maboma gha United States mu 1998, ku Tanzania na Kenya, kweniso cifukwa ca kunozgaso malo gha mafuta agho ghaka?a mu mawoko gha ?akugaluka. Sudan nayo wali na mphindano na Egypt pa nkhani ya Hala'ib Triangle. Kufuma mu 2003, maubwezi gha ku vyaru vinyake gha Sudan ghaka?a ghakuthemba pa wovwiri wa kumazga Nkhondo Yachi?iri ya ku Sudan na kususka wovwiri wa boma ku magulu gha nkhondo mu Darfur.

Charu cha Sudan chili paubwezi wakukhora na China. Charu cha China chikupokera mafuta 10 pa 100 gha mu Sudan. Kuyana na uyo waka?a nduna ya boma la Sudan, caru ca China ndico cikupeleka vilwero vinandi comene ku Sudan.

Mu Disembala 2005, Sudan yika?a yimoza mwa vyaru vichoko ivyo vikazomera mazaza gha Morocco pa Western Sahara.

The chairman of Sudan's sovereign council, General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, with U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, 2020

Mu 2015, Sudan yikawovwirapo pa nkhondo ya Saudi Arabia ku Yemen kwimikana na ma Houthi na ?asilikari ?akugomezgeka kwa pulezidenti wakale Ali Abdullah Saleh, uyo wakathereskeka mu 2011.

Mu Juni 2019, charu cha Sudan chikalekeka kunjira mu wupu wa African Union chifukwa chakuti paka?avya icho chikachitika pakukhazikiska wupu wakulongozgeka na ?anthu.

Mu Julayi 2019, ?imiliri ?a vyaru 37 ku UN, kusazgapo Sudan, ?akasaina kalata yakukolerana ku UNHRC kuvikilira umo China yikuchitira na ma Uyghur mu chiga?a cha Xinjiang.

Pa 23 Okutobala 2020, U.S. Pulezidenti Donald Trump wakapharazga kuti Sudan yikwamba kuwezgerapo ubwezi wake na Israel, ndipo yika?a chalo chachitatu cha ma Arab kuchita nthena mu chiga?a cha Abraham Accords icho chikalembeka na United States. Pa Disembala 14 mu U.S. Boma la Sudan likawuskamo boma ili pa ndondomeko ya boma ilo likovwira ?anthu kuti ?achitenge vinthu vyakofya.

Mkangano pakati pa Sudan na Ethiopia pa Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ukakura mu 2021. Munthu munyake uyo wakupeleka ulongozgi kwa mulongozgi wa Sudan, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, wakayowoya kuti nkhondo ya maji "yi?enge yakofya comene kuluska umo munthu wangaghanaghanira".

Mu Febuluwale 2022, ?apharazgi ?a ku Sudan ?akaluta ku Israel kukakhozga ubwezi pakati pa vyaru ivi.

Mu myezi yakwambilira ya 2023, nkhondo yikambaso, comenecomene pakati pa ?asilikari ?a Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, mulongozgi wa ?asilikari na mulongozgi wa boma, pamoza na gulu la ?asilikari la Rapid Support Forces ilo likulongozgeka na mulwani wake, Gen. Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo. Pa cifukwa ici, boma la United States na vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe vyajara maboma ghawo mu Khartoum na kuyezga kufumiska ?anthu. Mu 2023, ?anthu ?akaghanaghananga kuti ku Sudan kuka?a ?anthu 16,000 ?a ku America awo ?akakhumbikwiranga kufumamo. Pakuti ku United States kulije ndondomeko ya kufumiskako ?anthu, Ku ofesi ya boma, ?anthu ?anandi ?a ku America ?akeneranga kuluta ku maboma gha vyaru vinyake kukapempha ulongozgi, ndipo ?anandi ?akachimbilira ku Nairobi. Vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa na mawupu ghanyake ghakovwira ?anthu, ghakayezga kovwira. ?apolisi ?a ku Turkey ?ati ?azomerezga ?anthu ?a ku America kuti ?afumemo mu charu chawo. TRAKboys, gulu la ndyali la ku South Africa ilo likususkana na Wagner Group, kampani yaku Russia iyo yikugwira ntchito ya usilikari mu Sudan kwambira mu 2017, yikovwira kuti ?anthu ?a mitundu yose ?a ku America na ku Sudan ?afumemo mu charu ichi na kuluta ku malo ghakukhora mu South Africa.

Wankhondo

Nkhani ikulu: Sudanese Armed Forces

Gulu la ?asilikari la Sudan ni gulu la ?asilikari ?a boma la Sudan ndipo lili kuga?ikana mu viga?a vinkhondi: Gulu la ?asilikari ?a Sudan, Navy ya Sudan (kukusazgapo Marine Corps), Air Force ya Sudan, Border Patrol na Internal Affairs Defence Force. Gulu la ?asilikari la Sudan la?a na vilwero viwemi comene; cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa vilwero vizito na vyapacanya. Gulu ili likulongozgeka na wupu wa National Assembly ndipo fundo zake ni za kuvikilira mphaka za Sudan na kuvikilira wanangwa wa mukati.

Kufuma waka pa suzgo la Darfur mu 2004, kuvikilira boma lapakati pa caru ku ?anthu awo ?akulimbana na gulu la ?akugaluka nga ni Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) na Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) ni vyakuzirwa comene. Nangauli ?asilikari ?a ku Sudan ?akugwira ntchito yayi, kweni ?akugwiliskira ntchito magulu gha ?asilikari, ndipo ?akumanyikwa chomene ni Janjaweed. Pakati pa 200,000 na 400,000 ?anthu ?anandi ?ali kufwa cifukwa ca nkhondo.

International organisations ku Sudan

Mabungwe ghanandi gha UN ghakugwira ntchito mu Sudan nga ni World Food Programme (WFP); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO); United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF); United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR); United Nations Mine Service (UNMAS), United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) na World Bank. Kweniso pali wupu wa International Organization for Migration (IOM).

Pakuti mu Sudan muli nkhondo ya pawenenawene kwa vyaka vinandi, mabungwe ghanandi ghambura kwendera boma (NGO) ghakovwiraso ?anthu awo ?afumamo mu vikaya vyawo. Mabungwe ghambura vya boma ghakugwira nchito mu viga?a vyose vya Sudan, comenecomene kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene, mawupu gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana nga ni Red Cross ghakacitanga milimo yawo comene mu viga?a vya kumwera, kweni ghaka?a mu msumba wa Khartoum. ?anthu ?akamba kughanaghanira chomene nkhondo iyo yikacitika ku Darfur, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan. Wupu wakuwoneka comene mu South Sudan ni Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). Wupu unyake wa vyamalonda ukuwona kuti charu cha Sudan chili ku chiga?a cha Great Horn of Africa

Nangauli mawupu ghanandi gha pa caru cose ghali mu viga?a vya South Sudan na Darfur, kweni ghanyake ghakugwira nchito mu viga?a vya kumpoto. Mwaciyerezgero, wupu wa United Nations Industrial Development Organization ukucita makora nchito yake mu msumba wa Khartoum. Ndimo viliriso na sukulu zinyake za ku Europe. Wupu wa Canada wakuwona vya Vyakusazgirako Vinthu pa Caru Cose ukucitako milimo yinandi kumpoto kwa Sudan.

Human rights

Nkhani ikulu: Human rights in Sudan, Freedom of religion in Sudan, Slavery in Sudan, and Child marriage in Sudan

SKwambira mu 1983, nkhondo ya pawenenawene na njara vyakoma ?anthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni mu Sudan. ?anthu ?anyake ?akuti ?anthu pafupifupi 200,000 ?akakoleka wuzga pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachi?iri ya ku Sudan.

Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa Reporters Without Borders, charu cha Sudan chili pa nambara 172 pa vyaru 180. ?akukhumba kuti ?apharazgi ?aleke kutangwanika na nkhani za vimbundi.

?asilamu awo ?akung'anamukira ku Cikristu ?angalangika na nyifwa cifukwa ca kusopa kwautesi, wonani Kutambuzgika kwa ?akristu mu Sudan na cilango ca nyifwa kwa Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag (uyo wakakulira mu Cikristu). Lipoti la wupu wa UNICEF la mu 2013, likati ?anakazi 88 pa 100 ?aliwose ku Sudan ?akomeka. Dango la ku Sudan lakukhwaskana na nthengwa likususkika cifukwa ca kukanizga wanangwa wa ?anakazi na kuzomerezga nthengwa za ?ana. Ukaboni ukulongora kuti ?anthu ?anandi ?akuzomerezga kuti ?anakazi ?akomeke, comenecomene ?anthu ?a ku mizi kweniso awo ?akusambira comene yayi. Kugonana kwa ?analume panji ?anakazi ?ekha?ekha nkhwakukanizgika; kwambira mu Julayi 2020 kulije chilango cha nyifwa.

Lipoti la wupu wa Human Rights Watch ilo likalembeka mu 2018 likulongora kuti charu cha Sudan chindachitepo kanthu kuti ?anthu ?eruzgike chifukwa cha vinthu viheni ivyo vikachitikanga kale kweniso ivyo vikuchitika sono. Lipoti ili likulongosora umo ?anthu ?akusuzgikira mu Darfur, kumwera kwa Kordofan, na Blue Nile. Mu 2018, wupu wa National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) ukagwiliskira nchito nkhongono zinandi pakupatura ?anthu awo ?akasuskanga boma. Kweniso ?asilikari ?a ku Sudan ?akakanizga mawupu gha United Nations-African Union Hybrid Operation na mawupu ghanyake gha pa caru cose kuti ghasangire ?anthu ?akusuzgika mu Darfur.

Darfur

Nkhani ikulu: War in Darfur and International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

Darfur refugee camp ku Chad, 2005

Kalata yakufuma kwa mulara wa wupu wa Human Rights Watch ya pa Ogasiti 14, 2006, yikati boma la Sudan ndakutondeka kuvikilira ?anthu ?ake mu Darfur kweniso likukhumba yayi kuvikilira ?anthu ?ake. Kweniso ?asilikari ?ake ?ali na mulandu wa kuswa malango gha boma. Kalata iyi yikayowoyaso kuti ?anthu ?akuswa wanangwa uwu kwambira mu 2004. Malipoti ghanyake ghakulongora kuti ?akugaluka, boma, na gulu la Janjaweed ndiwo ?akuswa malango. U.S. Lipoti la Dipatimenti Yakuwona vya Wanangwa wa ?anthu ilo likalembeka mu Malichi 2007, likati: "?anthu wose awo ?akanjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi ?akachitanga vinthu viheni chomene, kusazgapo kukoma ?anthu ?anandi, kuyuzga ?analume na ?anakazi, kutambuzga ?anthu, kwiba na kulemba ?ana ?ankhondo".

?anthu ?akujumpha 2.8 miliyoni ?ali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo ndipo ?anthu 300,000 ?ali kufwa. ?asilikari ?a boma na ?asilikari awo ?akukolerana na boma ?akumanyikwa kuti ?akuwukira ?anthu bweka yayi mu Darfur, kweniso awo ?akovwira ?anthu. ?anthu awo ?akukolerana na magulu gha ?akugaluka ?akukakika mwambura kwenelera, nga mba nyuzipepara ?akufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ?akuvikilira wanangwa wa ?anthu, ?ana ?a sukulu, na ?anthu awo ?ali kufumamo mu vikaya vya mu msumba wa Khartoum na viga?a vyapafupi. Lipoti linyake la boma la United States likayowoya kuti gulu la ?akugaluka likuwukira awo ?akovwira ?anthu na kukoma ?anthu ?ambura mulandu. Wupu wa UNICEF ukati mu 2008, mu Darfur muka?a ?ana 6,000 awo ?aka?a ?asilikari.

Disputed areas and zones of conflict

• In April 2012, the South Sudanese army captured the Heglig oil field from Sudan, which the Sudanese army later recaptured.
• Kafia Kingi and Radom National Park was a part of Bahr el Ghazal in 1956. Sudan has recognised South Sudanese independence according to the borders for 1 January 1956.
• The Abyei Area is disputed region between Sudan and South Sudan. It is currently under Sudanese rule.
• The states of South Kurdufan and Blue Nile are to hold "popular consultations" to determine their constitutional future within Sudan.
• The Hala'ib Triangle is disputed region between Sudan and Egypt. It is currently under Egyptian administration.
• Bir Tawil is a terra nullius occurring on the border between Egypt and Sudan, claimed by neither state.

Administrative divisions

Nkhani ikulu: States of Sudan, List of current state governors in Sudan, and Districts of Sudan

Sudan is divided into 18 states (wilayat, sing. wilayah). They are further divided into 133 districts.

██ Central and northern states ██ Darfur ██ Eastern Front ██ Abyei Area ██ South Kurdufan and Blue Nile states

• Gezira
• Al Qadarif
• Blue Nile
• Central Darfur
• East Darfur
• Kassala
• Khartoum
• North Darfur
• North Kordofan
• Northern
• Red Sea
• River Nile
• Sennar
• South Darfur
• South Kordofan
• West Darfur
• West Kordofan
• White Nile

Regional bodies

Padera pa maboma, paliso maboma ghanyake agho ghaka?ako cifukwa ca mtende uwo uka?ako pakati pa boma na gulu la ?akugaluka.

• Boma la Darfur likakhazikiskika na phangano la mtende la Darfur kuti li?e wupu wakulongozga vyaru ivyo vili mu Darfur.

• Wupu wakuwona vya vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan ukakhazikiskika na Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement pakati pa boma la Sudan na gulu la rebels la Eastern Front.

• Chiga?a cha Abyei, icho chili pa mphaka ya South Sudan na Republic of Sudan, pasono chili na mazaza ghapadera ndipo chikulongozgeka na boma la Abyei. Mu 2011, boma la Sudan likakhumbanga kuti ?anthu ?ayowoyepo maghanoghano ghawo pa nkhani yakuti charu ichi chi?e chiga?a cha South Sudan panji cha Republic of Sudan.

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Sudan

Wonaniso: Telecommunications in Sudan and Transport in Sudan

A proportional representation of Sudan exports, 2019

Oil and gas concessions in Sudan – 2004

GDP per capita development in Sudan

Mu 2010, charu cha Sudan chika?a pa nambara 17 pa vyaru ivyo vili na chuma chakukwera lu?iro chomene pa charu chose. Chifukwa cha kupatukana kwa South Sudan, komwe kunali pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya malo opangira mafuta ku Sudan, Sudan idalowa gawo la stagflation, kukula kwa GDP kudatsika mpaka 3.4 peresenti mu 2014, 3.1 peresenti mu 2015 ndipo zikuyembekezeka kuchira pang'onopang'ono mpaka 3.7 peresenti mu 2016 pomwe kukwera kwamitengo kudakhalabe kokwera mpaka 21.8% kuyambira 2015. GDP ya Sudan yikakhira kufuma pa US$123.053 billion mu 2017 kufika pa US$40.852 billion mu 2018.

Nanga ni apo charu cha South Sudan chika?a kuti chindapatuke, chika?a na masuzgo ghakuru gha vyachuma. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chuma cha ku Sudan chikakura chomene, ndipo lipoti la World Bank likati GDP yikakura chomene mu 2010. Kukura uku kukalutilira nanga ni mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Darfur kweniso apo charu cha South Sudan chika?a na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Mafuta ndigho ghaka?a vyakurya vikuru ivyo Sudan wakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake. Chifukwa cha kunjira kwa mafuta, chuma cha Sudan chikakura chomene, ndipo mu 2007 chikakura na 9 peresenti. Kweni chifukwa chakuti charu cha South Sudan chika?a na mafuta ghanandi, chikaleka kulamulira boma la Sudan. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, mulimo wa kunozga vyakurya wawelera pa malo ghake ndipo pa chaka cha 2014-15 wafika pa 40,000 m3/d.

Kuti charu cha South Sudan chipeleke mafuta, chikuthemba pa chitoliro icho chikulongozgera ku Port Sudan mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi. Mu Ogasiti 2012, Sudan na South Sudan ?akakolerana kuti ?agulire mafuta ku South Sudan kwizira mu mapaipi gha ku Sudan.

Boma la China ndilo likwendeska malonda ku Sudan, ndipo China yili na masheya 40 pa 100 gha Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company. Charu ichi chikuguliskaso ku Sudan vilwero vichoko, ivyo vyagwiliskirika nchito pa nkhondo nga ni nkhondo za ku Darfur na South Kordofan.

Nangauli kale vyakurya na vyakurya ndivyo vika?a vyakukhumbikwa chomene ku ?anthu ?a ku Sudan, ndipo vikawovwira ?anthu ?akujumpha 80 pa 100 pa 100 pa caru cose. Pasono, wupu wa International Monetary Fund (IMF) ukute?etera lumoza na boma la Khartoum kuti viwovwire pakunozga vinthu. Ivi vikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 apo caru ca Sudan cika?a na suzgo la ngongoli, ndipo ubwezi wake na IMF na World Bank ukakhira.

Lipoti linyake likati mu charu cha Sudan ndimo vimbundi vyazara chomene. Kuyana na Global Hunger Index ya 2013, charu cha Sudan chili na chi?erengero cha GHI cha 27.0 icho chikulongora kuti charu ichi chili na 'njara yikuru.' Charu ichi chili pa nambara 5 pa vyaru ivyo vili na njara chomene pa charu chose. Kuyana na 2015 Human Development Index (HDI), charu cha Sudan chili pa malo 167. Ichi chikulongora kuti charu ichi chili na ?anthu ?achoko chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2014, ?anthu 45 pa ?anthu 100 ?aliwose ?akukhala na ndalama zakuchepera pa madola 3.20 gha ku United States pa zu?a..

Science and research

Ku Sudan kuli ma yunivesite pafupifupi 25-30 ndipo ?anthu ?akusambira mu ciarabu panji Cingelezi. Masambiro gha ku sekondare na ku yunivesite ghakutimbanizgika comene cifukwa cakuti ?analume ?anandi ?akukhumbikwira kunjira usilikari pambere ?andafike ku malizgo gha masambiro ghawo. Kweniso, "Chisisilamu" ico pulezidenti Al-Bashir wakakhwimiska cikapangiska kuti ?asayansi ?anandi ?aleke kusambira Baibolo. Ndalama izo ?anthu ?akugwiliskira nchito pakusanda vya sayansi zikumara. Wupu wa UNESCO ukati pakati pa 2002 na 2014, ?anthu ?akufufuza ?akujumpha 3,000 ?a ku Sudan ?akafumamo mu charu ichi. Kuzakafika mu 2013, caru ici cika?a na ?asayansi 19 pera pa ?anthu 100,000, panji 1/30 ya ci?elengero ca ku Eguputo, kuyana na Sudan National Center for Research. Mu 2015, ku Sudan kukalembeka nkhani za sayansi pafupifupi 500. Kuyaniska na caru ici, caru ca Poland, ico cili na ?anthu ?anandi, cikupanga manyuzipepara pafupifupi 10,000 pa caka.

Ndondomeko ya vya mu mlengalenga ya ku Sudan yili kupanga mapulaneti ghanandi gha CubeSat, ndipo yili na mapulani gha kupanga mapulaneti gha kudumbiskirana gha ku Sudan (SUDASAT-1) na mapulaneti gha kudumbiskirana gha ku Sudan (SRSS-1). Boma la Sudan likapeleka ndalama zakugulira satellite yakuwona malo ya boma ya Arabsat 6A iyo yikugwira ntchito pachanya pa Sudan, iyo yikatoleka makora pa 11 April 2019, kufuma ku Kennedy Space Centre. Pulezidenti wa ku Sudan Omar Hassan al-Bashir wakapempha kuti mu 2012 pa?e wupu wakuwona vya mlengalenga wa ku Africa, kweni ivi vikamara yayi.

?anthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Sudan

Wonaniso: List of cities in Sudan

Sudan 2010 estimated population density

Ku Sudan, ?anthu ?akujumpha 30 miliyoni ?akukhala kumpoto, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ivi vikulongora kuti ?anthu awo ?akukhala mu charu cha Sudan kufuma apo charu cha South Sudan chikapatukira ?alipo 30 miliyoni. Ichi ntchi?elengero icho chikukwera comene mu vyaka 20 ivyo vyajumpha, cifukwa pa kalembera wa mu 1983, ?anthu wose ?a mu Sudan, kusazgapo awo sono ?akucemeka South Sudan, ?aka?a 21.6 miliyoni. ?anthu awo ?akukhala mu msumba wa Greater Khartoum (ukusazgapo Khartoum, Omdurman, na Khartoum North) ?akukura mwalu?iro ndipo ?alipo 5.2 miliyoni.

Padera pa ku?a na ?anthu ?anandi ?akuchimbira kwawo, mu Sudan muli ?anthu ?anandi ?akuchimbira kwawo ?akufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa UNHCR, ?anthu ?akujumpha 1.1 miliyoni awo ?akacimbira kwawo na awo ?akapempha civikiliro ?akakhalanga mu Sudan mu Ogasiti 2019. ?anthu ?anandi ?akafuma ku South Sudan (?anthu 858,607), Eritrea (123,413), Syria (93,502), Ethiopia (14,201), Central African Republic (11,713) na Chad (3,100). Padera pa ?anthu a?a, wupu wa UNHCR ukayowoya kuti pali ?anthu 1,864,195 awo ?ali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo. Charu cha Sudan chili kunjilirapo pa phangano la mu 1951 lakukhwaskana na ?anthu ?akuchimbira kwawo.

Ethnic groups

File:Eisa shikawi.JPG

Sudanese Arab of Al-Manasir

?anthu ?a mtundu wa Ciarabu ?akukwana 70 peresenti ya ?anthu wose ?a mu caru ici. ?anandi mwa ?anthu a?a Mbasilamu ndipo ?akuyowoya Chiarabic. Mitundu yinyake ni Beja, Fur, Nubians, Armenians, na Copts.

?anthu awo Mbambura Ciarabu kanandi ?akupambana mitundu, viyowoyero, na mitheto. ?anyake mwa ?anthu a?a mba Beja (?anandi chomene), Fur (?anandi chomene), Nuba (?anandi chomene), Moro, Masalit, Bornu, Tama, Fulani, Hausa, Songhay, Nubians, Berta, Zaghawa, Nyimang, Ingessana, Daju, Koalib, Gumuz, Midob na Tagale. Chi Hausa chikugwiliskirika ntchito nga chiyowoyero cha malonda. Paliso ?agiriki ?achoko waka, kweni ?akumanyikwa chomene.

?anthu ?anyake ?a ku Arabia ?akuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Awadia na Fadnia, na Bani Arak, awo ?akuyowoya Chiarabic cha Najdi. ?abedouin ?achoko waka ?a kumpoto kwa Rizeigat ?akuyowoya Chiarabu cha ku Sudan ndipo ?ali na mitheto yakuyana na ya ?aarabu ?a ku Sudan. ?anthu ?anyake ?a ku Baggara na Tunjur ?akuyowoya Chiarabic.

?anthu ?a ku Sudan awo ?akukhala kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan ?akuti ?ali kufuma ku ?anthu awo ?akafuma ku Arabia. ?anthu ?a ku Nubia ?akukolerana na ?anthu ?a ku Nubia awo ?akakhalanga kumwera kwa Eguputo. ?anthu ?anandi ?a mafuko gha ?aarabu ku Sudan ?akasamukira ku Sudan mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., ndipo ?akatorana na ?anthu ?a ku Nubia na ?anthu ?anyake ?a ku Africa. Kweniso, mafuko ghaciarabu agho ghaka?ako pambere Chisilamu cindafike ghaka?ako mu Sudan kufuma ku ?anthu awo ?akasamukira mu caru ici kufuma ku Arabia.

Mu mabuku ghanandi agho ghakulongosora umo ?anthu ?a ku Sudan ?akazgoka ?aarabu, ?anthu ?akusanda mdauko ?akudumbiskana za umo ?anthu ?a ku Arabia ?akawonekeranga. Mwaciyelezgero, Elena Vezzadini wakulemba mdauko wakuti ?anthu ?a mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Sudan ?akuthemba pa umo ?akulongosolera nkhani iyi. Mwakudumura, iyo wakuti "?anthu awo ?akasamukira ku vyaru vinyake ?aka?ako mu nyengo yira, ndipo ?akazgoka "?anthu ?a ku Sudan".

Mu nkhani yinyake yakulongosora za mbumba za ?anthu ?a ku Sudan, Claude Rilly, uyo wakumanya vya mipukutu ya ?anthu ?a ku France, wakati ?arabu ?anandi ?a ku Sudan awo ?akuti ?ali kufuma ku ?anthu ?a ku Arabia, ?akumanya yayi kuti DNA yawo yikupangika na ?anakazi ?a ku Africa na ?ana ?awo.

Urban areas

Wonani vinandi: List of cities in Sudan

Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Sudan According to the 2008 census
	Mndandanda		State	?anthu
Omdurman Khartoum	1	Omdurman	Khartoum	1,849,659
	2	Khartoum	Khartoum	1,410,858
	3	Khartoum North	Khartoum	1,012,211
	4	Nyala	South Darfur	492,984
	5	Port Sudan	Red Sea	394,561
	6	El-Obeid	North Kordofan	345,126
	7	Kassala	Kassala	298,529
	8	Wad Madani	Gezira	289,482
	9	El-Gadarif	Al Qadarif	269,395
	10	Al-Fashir	North Darfur	217,827

Viyowoyelo

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Sudan

Ku Sudan kuli viyowoyero pafupifupi 70. Mu charu cha Sudan muli viyowoyero vinandi vya mawoko ivyo vikupulikikwa yayi. Mu 2009, paka?a ndondomeko yakuti pa?e chiyowoyero chimoza cha mawoko cha ku Sudan.

Pambere chaka cha 2005 chindafike, Chiarabic ndicho chika?a chiyowoyero cha boma. Mu 2005, Dango la Charu cha Sudan likati viyowoyero vya boma ni Chiarabic na Chingelezi. ?analume ?akumanya kulemba na kulemba ni 79.6%, ?anakazi 60.8%.

Chisopo

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Sudan

Mu 2011, apo charu cha South Sudan chikaga?ikana, ?anthu ?akujumpha 97% ?akasopanga Chisilamu. ?asilamu ?anandi ?ali kuga?ikana mu magulu gha?iri: ?asilamu ?a Sufi na Salafi. Magulu gha?iri agho ghakumanyikwa na ?anthu ?anandi, Ansar na Khatmia, ghakukolerana na chipani cha Umma na Democratic Unionist. Malo gha Darfur pera ndigho ghaka?avya magulu gha Sufi agho ghakusangika mu vyaru vinyake.

Mu msumba wa Khartoum na misumba yinyake ya kumpoto, muli ?akhristu ?a Coptic Orthodox na Greek Orthodox. Mu Khartoum na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan, mu vyaru ivi muli ?anthu ?a tchalitchi la Orthodox la Ethiopia na Eritrea. Tchalitchi la Armenian Apostolic nalo lilipo ndipo likute?etera ?anthu ?a ku Sudan. Tchalitchi la Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian nalo lili na ?anthu awo ?ali mu tchalitchi ili.

Chisopa ndicho chikupangiska kuti mu charu ichi mu?e kuga?ikana. ?asilamu ?a kumpoto na ?a kumanjiliro gha dazi ndiwo ?akulongozga ndyali na vyachuma mu charu ichi kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Chipani cha NCP chikukhozgeka chomene na ?a Islam, Salafis/Wahhabis na ?aarabu ?anyake ?a ku mpoto. Chipani cha Umma chakopa ?alondezgi ?a Aarabu ?a gulu la Ansar la Sufism pamoza na ?asilamu ?ambura Aarabu kufuma ku Darfur na Kordofan. Chipani cha Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) chili na ?aarabu na ?asilamu ?anyake ?a kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, comenecomene awo ?ali mu cisopa ca Khatmia Sufi.

Health

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Sudan

Sudan has a life expectancy of 65.1 years according to the latest data for the year 2019 from macrotrends.net Infant mortality in 2016 was 44.8 per 1,000.

UNICEF estimates that 87% of Sudanese females between the ages of 15 to 49 have had female genital mutilation performed on them.

Education

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Sudan

The University of Khartoum, established as Gordon Memorial College in 1902

Sukulu mu Sudan njambura kulipira ndipo njakukakamira ku ?ana ?a vyaka 6 m'paka 13, nangauli ?ana ?akujumpha 40% ?akuluta yayi ku sukulu cifukwa ca suzgo la vya cuma. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pa umoyo wa ?anthu vikupangiska kuti ?ana ?asungwana ?asuzgikenge kuluta ku sukulu. Masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakukhala vyaka 8, ndipo gha sekondare ghakwenda vyaka vitatu. Mu 1990, masambiro ghaka?a gha 6 + 3 + 3. Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa viga?a vyose. Masukulu ghanandi ghali mu matawuni, ndipo ghanyake gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici ghatimbanizgika panji kunangika cifukwa ca nkhondo ya pa cikaya. Mu 2001, Banki ya Caru Cose yikati ?ana 46 pa 100 ?aliwose awo ?akeneranga kusambira masambiro gha ku pulayimale, ndipo 21 pa 100 ?aliwose awo ?akasambiranga masambiro gha ku sekondare. ?anandi ?akunjira sukulu izi, ndipo mu viga?a vinyake ?akujumpha 20 peresenti. ?anthu awo ?akumanya ku?azga na kulemba ni 70.2%, ?analume 79.6%, ?anakazi 60.8%.

Culture

Wonani vinandi: Visual arts of Sudan, Architecture of Sudan, and Sudanese literature

?anthu ?a mafuko pafupifupi 578 ?akuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. ?anthu a?a ?akukhala mu viga?a vinandi vya mu Africa. Ukaboni wasono ukulongora kuti nangauli ?anthu ?anandi ?a mu charu ichi ?akutemwa chomene vinthu vya ku Sudan na chisopa chawo, kweni ?anthu ?a ku Arabia na ku Africa ?akutemwana chomene..

Music

Nkhani ikulu: Music of Sudan

A Sufi dervish drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in Omdurman.

Charu cha Sudan chili na mitheto ya sumu iyo yikasuzga chomene ?anthu. Pakwamba na kukhazikiskika kwa dango la Salafi la Sharia mu 1983, ?anthu ?anandi ?akumanyikwa ?a mu charu ichi nga ni Mahjoub Sharif ?akakakika apo ?anyake nga ni Mohammed el Amin (uyo wakawelera ku Sudan pakati pa ma 1990s) na Mohammed Wardi (uyo wakawelera ku Sudan mu 2003), ?akachimbilira ku Cairo. Sumu za mu nyengo yakale nazo zikapwetekeka, ndipo viphikiro vya mu nyengo yakale vya Zār vikamara.

Nyengo yeneyiyo, ?asilikari ?a ku Europe ?akayambiska sumu za ku Sudan. Chiyelezgero ni ungano wa Shulkawi No. 1. Kumpoto kwa Sudan kuli sumu zakupambana na zinyake. Mu sumu yinyake iyo yikuchemeka Aldlayib, ?akugwiliskira nchito cakwimbira cakucemeka Tambur. Chi?iya ichi chili na vingwe vinkhondi, chili kupangika na khuni ndipo chikulizga sumu pamoza na ?anthu awo ?akwimba.

Cinema

Nkhani ikulu: Cinema of Sudan and Photography of Sudan

Sinema ya ku Sudan yikamba na vithuzithuzi ivyo ?anthu ?a ku Britain ?akagwiliskiranga ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1956, filimu yakulongosora vya mdauko yika?a yakukhora, kweni boma la Chisilamu likapangiska kuti mafilimu ghachepe mu ma 1990. Kwambira mu 2010, ?anthu ?anandi ?akamba kuwoneseska kuti mafilimu gha?aso ghakunozga kweniso kuti ?anthu ?akutemwa chomene mafilimu.

Kugwiliskira nchito vithuzi mu Sudan kukamba mu ma 1880 apo ufumu wa Britain na Eguputo ukalamuliranga. Nga ni umo vika?ira mu vyaru vinyake, kucindikwa kwa vithuzithuzi pa nkhani za ?anthu ?anandi nga ni manyuzipepara, kweniso vya ?anthu awo ?akujambura vithuzithuzi, kukapangiska kuti ?anthu ?anandi ?amanye vinandi pa nkhani ya vithuzithuzi mu Sudan mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu charu cha Sudan, chomenechomene chifukwa cha vithuzi vya digito.

Clothing

Bejia men wearing galabiyas

?anthu ?anandi ku Sudan ?akuvwara vyakuvwara vya ku Europe na vyakumwera. ?analume ?a ku Sudan ?akutemwa kuvwara malaya ghakuchemeka jalabiya. Kanandi jalabiya wakuvwara chisoti chikuru na chigudulu, ndipo chakuvwara ichi chinga?a chitu?a, cha mitundu yakupambanapambana, cha mikwawu, ndiposo chakuvwara chakupambanapambana, kuyana na nyengo ya chaka na ivyo munthu wakukhumba.

Chovala chofala kwambiri cha akazi a ku Sudan ndi thobe kapena thawb, chomwe chimatchulidwa kuti tobe m'chinenero cha ku Sudan. Thube ni salu yitali yitu?a panji ya mitundu yakupambanapambana iyo ?anakazi ?akuvwara mu malaya ghawo, ndipo kanandi ?akubisa mutu na sisi.

Chifukwa cha dango la milandu ilo lika?ako mu 1991, ?anakazi ?akazomerezgekanga yayi kuvwara mathalauza pa wumba. Munthu uyo wakavwara mathalauza wakalangikanga kuti wapwetekenge na nthonga 40. Kweni mu 2009, mwanakazi munyake wakapika ndalama zakukwana madola 200.

Sport

Nkhani ikulu: Sudan national football team and Sudan women's national football team

Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinandi, mpira ndiwo ngwakuzirwa comene mu Sudan. Bungwe la mpira la Sudan Football Association likakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 1936 ndipo ndi umo likakhalira limoza mwa mabungwe ghakale chomene mu Africa. Ndipouli, pambere wupu wa football Association unda?eko, chalo cha Sudan chikamba kuse?era mpira uwo ukatoleka na ?asilikari ?a Britain kufuma ku Egypt. Mabungwe ena a ku Sudan omwe adakhazikitsidwa panthawiyo akuphatikizapo Al-Hilal Omdurman, Al-Merrikh, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mpira ukhale wotchuka mdzikolo. Khartoum League ndiyo yika?a ligi yakwamba ku Sudan.

Kufuma mu Seputembala 2019, paka?a ligi ya ?anakazi ya mpira iyo yikamba kufuma ku magulu gha ?anakazi ghambura kulembeka. Mu chaka cha 2021, timu ya mpira ya ku Sudan yikwenela kakwamba mu chiphalizgano cha Arab Women's Cup, icho chikachitikira ku Cairo, Egypt.

Chikwata cha mpira wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja cha ku Sudan chikapikisana pa CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup ya 2018-2020 mu chigawo cha azimayi ndi amuna. Mu Juni 2022, Patricia Seif El Din El Haj, mwanakazi wakwamba wa ku Sudan uyo wakachitako mase?ero gha ku Africa, wakatoleka vithuzi na Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah wa ku Reuters, apo wakanozgekeranga kuluta ku Nigeria kunozgekera mase?ero gha Olimpiki mu 2024..

Wonaniso

• Outline of Sudan
• Orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan

Vyamu mabuku

Mabuku

• Adams, William Y. (1977). Nubia. Corridor to Africa. Princeton University. ISBN 978-0691093703.
• Berry, LaVerle B., ed. (2015). Sudan: A Country Study. Library of Congress (Washington, D.C.) ISBN 978-0-8444-0750-0.
• Beswick, Stephanie (2004). Sudan's Blood Memory. University of Rochester. ISBN 978-1580462310.
• Brown, Richard P. C. (1992). Public Debt and Private Wealth: Debt, Capital Flight and the IMF in Sudan. London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-0-333-57543-7.
• Churchill, Winston (1899; 2000). The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan. Carroll & Graf (New York City). ISBN 978-0-7867-0751-5.
• Churchill, Winston (1902). "The Rebellion of the Mahdi". The River War (New and Revised ed.).
• Clammer, Paul (2005). Sudan: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides (Chalfont St. Peter); Globe Pequot Press. (Guilford, Connecticut). ISBN 978-1-84162-114-2.
• Daly. Empire on the Nile.
• Evans-Pritchard, Blake; Polese, Violetta (2008). Sudan: The City Trail Guide. City Trail Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9559274-0-9.
• Edwards, David (2004). The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415369879.
• El Mahdi, Mandour. (1965). A Short History of the Sudan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-913158-9.
• Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2005). The Problem of Dar Fur, iUniverse (New York City). ISBN 978-0-595-36502-9.
• Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2004). Short History of Sudan. iUniverse (New York City). ISBN 978-0-595-31425-6.
• Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2007). UN Intervention in Dar Fur, iUniverse (New York City). ISBN 978-0-595-42979-0.
• Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1967). The Arabs and the Sudan. From the seventh to the early sixteenth century. Edinburgh University. OCLC 33206034.
• Hesse, Gerhard (2002). Die Jallaba und die Nuba Nordkordofans. H?ndler, Soziale Distinktion und Sudanisierung (in German). Lit. ISBN 978-3825858902.
• Holt, P. M.; Daly, M. W. (2000). History of the Sudan: From the coming of Islam to the present Day. Pearson. ISBN 978-0582368866.
• Jok, Jok Madut (2007). Sudan: Race, Religion and Violence. Oneworld Publications (Oxford). ISBN 978-1-85168-366-6.
• K?ndgen, Olaf (2017). The Codification of Islamic Criminal Law in the Sudan. Penal Codes and Supreme Court Case Law under Numayri and al-Bashir. Brill (Leiden, Boston). ISBN 9789004347434.
• Levtzion, Nehemia; Pouwels, Randall, eds. (2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821444610.
• Loimeier, Roman (2013). Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology. Indiana University. ISBN 9780253007889.
• Morewood (1940). The British Defence of Egypt 1935–40. Suffolk.
• Morewood (2005). The British of Egypt. Suffolk.
• Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2001). Slavery in Mauritania and Sudan: The State Against Blacks, in The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation. Nova Science Publishers (Huntington, New York). ISBN 978-1-56072-936-5.
• O'Fahey, R.S.; Spaulding, Jay L. (1974). Kingdoms of the Sudan. Methuen Young Books. ISBN 978-0416774504.
• Peterson, Scott (2001). Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda—A Journalist Reports from the Battlefields of Africa. Routledge (London; New York City). ISBN 978-0-203-90290-5.
• Prunier, Gérard (2005). Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide. Cornell University Press (Ithaca, New York). ISBN 978-0-8014-4450-0.
• Ruffini, Giovanni R. (2012). Medieval Nubia. A Social and Economic History. Oxford University.
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• Spaulding, Jay (1985). The Heroic Age in Sennar. Red Sea. ISBN 978-1569022603.
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Articles

• "Sudan." Background Notes, U.S. Department of State, 2009. online
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• Martens-Czarnecka, Malgorzata (2015). "The Christian Nubia and the Arabs". Studia Ceranea. 5: 249–265. doi:10.18778/2084-140X.05.08. ISSN 2084-140X.
• McGregor, Andrew (2011). "Palaces in the Mountains: An Introduction to the Archaeological Heritage of the Sultanate of Darfur". Sudan&Nubia. 15: 129–141.
• Peacock, A.C.S. (2012). "The Ottomans and the Funj sultanate in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 75 (1): 87–11. doi:10.1017/S0041977X11000838.
• Sharkey, Heather J. (2007). "Arab Identity and Ideology in Sudan: The Politics of Language, Ethnicity and Race" (PDF). African Affairs. 107 (426): 21–43. doi:10.1093/afraf/adm068. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 Okutobala 2020. Retrieved 24 Sekutembala 2018.
• Spaulding, Jay (1974). "The Fate of Alodia" (PDF). Meroitic Newsletter. 15: 12–30. ISSN 1266-1635.
• Vantini, Giovanni (2006). "Some new light on the end of Soba". In Alessandro Roccati and Isabella Caneva (ed.). Acta Nubica. Proceedings of the X International Conference of Nubian Studies Rome 9–14 September 2002. Libreria Dello Stato. pp. 487–491. ISBN 978-88-240-1314-7.

Intaneti

• O'Fahey, R. S.; Tubiana, Jér?me (2007). "Darfur. Historical and Contemporary Aspects" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 Disembala 2019. Retrieved 23 Ogasiti 2018.

Viga?a vya kuwalo

• Government of Sudan website
• Archaeological sites in Sudan
• Sudan web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
• Sudan at Curlie
• Wikimedia Atlas of Sudan
• Geographic data related to Sudan at OpenStreetMap
• Sudan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Sudan" . Encyclop?dia Britannica (in English). Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 9–19.
• Sudan profile from BBC News
• CIMIC activities in the African Union Mission in Sudan
• The conflict in South Sudan – The Economist
• UNAMID | UNITED NATIONS – AFRICAN UNION HYBRID OPERATION IN DARFUR